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INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL NUTRITION, ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF FARM ANIMALS (ANSC241)
1. ANIMAL NUTRITION
Nutrition is the process by which an organism obtains food which is used to provide energy and materials for it's life sustaining activities. Without good nutrition, animals cannot express their full genetic potentials nor will they be reproductively efficient, often no reproductive weight, no life weight gain, no milk yield and increased illness are as a result of nutritional imbalance or deficiency.
Well nourished animals are better able to withstand the incidence of diseases. Nutrition is by far the most important environmental factor affecting animal production and feed cost represent 75% or more of the total cost of animal production.
Under traditional management system in the humid tropics, ruminants feeding is limited by the quantity and quality of nutrients available from indigenous grass and shrubs species throughout the year. It is important to recognize that ruminants increase the supply of food for humans by consuming materials materials that otherwise could contribute little or nothing in feeding people. This include forages from range land,plant byproducts and crop residues from which humans are unable to derive any useful energy.
Nigeria as a merely developing country, inadequate supply of feed to ruminant livestock is a major cause of low level of productivity in the animal industries. Ruminants subsist on forages and there has not been enough progress made in establishing improved and irrigated pastures to provide all year round grazing forages for these class of animals.
Animal nutrition in response to feed is a function of the amount of feed an animal consume and of that feed which is utilized by the animal..
Animal nutrition is the art of balancing feed intake and digestibility relative to animals requirements.
Of the basic needs of animals, non is more important than feed. In fact,the primary purpose of keeping animals is to transform feeds into substances usable by humans.
The diet of farm animals consists of plants and plants products although some foods of animal origin such as fishmeal, blood meal, meat meal etc are used in limited quantities. Animals depends upon plants for their existence and consequently, the study of animal nutrition must necessarily begin with plant itself. Plants are able to synthesize complex materials from simple inorganic substances such as CO2 from the air,water and inorganic element from the soil by means of photosynthesis, energy from sunlight is trapped and used in this synthetic processes. The greater part of the energy however is stored as chemical energy within the plant itself and it's this energy which is used by the animal for the maintenance of life and synthesis of it's own body tissues.
Feed is a material which after ingestion by animals is capable of been digested, absorbed and utilized by the the animal.
Feed ingredients or feedstuffs are primary food materials as well as industrial byproducts which can easily be blended and formulated into rations for specific livestock.
Feedstuffs are nutrients carriers and maybe organic or inorganic in nature and plant or animal in origin.
Examples of feedstuffs are; cereals, oil cakes, minerals,vitamins and other supplements.
Essential nutrient requirement of animal
Of the primary importance in animal nutrition are;
• Energy •Protein. • Minerals • Vitamins and • Water.
INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL NUTRITION, ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF FARM ANIMALS (ANSC241)1. ANIMAL NUTRITION
Nutrition is the process by which an organism obtains food which is used to provide energy and materials for it's life sustaining activities. Without good nutrition, animals cannot express their full genetic potentials nor will they be reproductively efficient, often no reproductive weight, no life weight gain, no milk yield and increased illness are as a result of nutritional imbalance or deficiency.
Well nourished animals are better able to withstand the incidence of diseases. Nutrition is by far the most important environmental factor affecting animal production and feed cost represent 75% or more of the total cost of animal production.
Under traditional management system in the humid tropics, ruminants feeding is limited by the quantity and quality of nutrients available from indigenous grass and shrubs species throughout the year. It is important to recognize that ruminants increase the supply of food for humans by consuming materials materials that otherwise could contribute little or nothing in feeding people. This include forages from range land,plant byproducts and crop residues from which humans are unable to derive any useful energy.
Nigeria as a merely developing country, inadequate supply of feed to ruminant livestock is a major cause of low level of productivity in the animal industries. Ruminants subsist on forages and there has not been enough progress made in establishing improved and irrigated pastures to provide all year round grazing forages for these class of animals.
Animal nutrition in response to feed is a function of the amount of feed an animal consume and of that feed which is utilized by the animal..
Animal nutrition is the art of balancing feed intake and digestibility relative to animals requirements.
Of the basic needs of animals, non is more important than feed. In fact,the primary purpose of keeping animals is to transform feeds into substances usable by humans.
The diet of farm animals consists of plants and plants products although some foods of animal origin such as fishmeal, blood meal, meat meal etc are used in limited quantities. Animals depends upon plants for their existence and consequently, the study of animal nutrition must necessarily begin with plant itself. Plants are able to synthesize complex materials from simple inorganic substances such as CO2 from the air,water and inorganic element from the soil by means of photosynthesis, energy from sunlight is trapped and used in this synthetic processes. The greater part of the energy however is stored as chemical energy within the plant itself and it's this energy which is used by the animal for the maintenance of life and synthesis of it's own body tissues.
Feed is a material which after ingestion by animals is capable of been digested, absorbed and utilized by the the animal.
Feed ingredients or feedstuffs are primary food materials as well as industrial byproducts which can easily be blended and formulated into rations for specific livestock.
Feedstuffs are nutrients carriers and maybe organic or inorganic in nature and plant or animal in origin.
Examples of feedstuffs are; cereals, oil cakes, minerals,vitamins and other supplements.
Essential nutrient requirement of animal
Of the primary importance in animal nutrition are;
• Energy •Protein. • Minerals • Vitamins and • Water.
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